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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manfred Kochen</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Manfred Kochen</b> (* <a href="4._Juli" title="4. Juli">4. Juli</a> <a href="1928" title="1928">1928</a> in <a href="Wien" title="Wien">Wien</a>; † <a href="7._Januar" title="7. Januar">7. Januar</a> <a href="1989" title="1989">1989</a>) war ein US-amerikanischer <a href="Mathematiker" title="Mathematiker">Mathematiker</a>, <a href="Informationswissenschaft" title="Informationswissenschaft">Informationswissenschaftler</a> und <a href="Informatiker" title="Informatiker">Informatiker</a> österreichischer Herkunft.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben">Leben</h2></div>
<p>Kochen wuchs in einer jüdischen Familie auf, die <a href="%C3%96sterreich_in_der_Zeit_des_Nationalsozialismus" title="Österreich in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus">Österreich in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus</a> verlassen musste und über Lissabon in die Vereinigten Staaten floh. Er studierte am <a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> und an der <a href="Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, wo er 1955 mit einer Arbeit auf dem Gebiet der angewandten Mathematik <i>Organized Systems with Discrete Information Transfer</i> promoviert wurde (<a href="Ph.D." title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a>). Ab 1953 arbeitete er im Rahmen des von <a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> am <a href="Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="Princeton_(New_Jersey)" title="Princeton (New Jersey)">Princeton</a> geleiteten <i>Electronic Computer Project</i> mit. Von 1955 bis 1956 war er <a href="Postdoc" title="Postdoc">Postdoc</a> an der <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Dort arbeitete er zu mathematischen Modellen in den <a href="Verhaltenswissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Verhaltenswissenschaften">Verhaltenswissenschaften</a>. 1956 wechselte er als Forscher (research scientist) an das <a href="Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center" title="Thomas J. Watson Research Center">Thomas J. Watson Research Center</a> von <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> in Yorktown Heights, <a href="New_York_(Bundesstaat)" title="New York (Bundesstaat)">New York</a>. Dort wurde er 1960 Verantwortlicher für ein Projekt in der Informationswissenschaft. 1965 ging er an die <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in <a href="Ann_Arbor" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a>, wo er 1972 Full Professor für Informationswissenschaft wurde. Daneben war er an der Graduate School of Business und am Mental Health Research Institute dieser Universität tätig. Er war Berater verschiedener nationaler und internationaler Forschungsinstitutionen.
</p><p>Sein wissenschaftliches Interesse galt der Untersuchung von Lernprozessen von Individuen und Gemeinschaften und speziell der mathematischen Modellierung dieser Prozesse. Kochen publizierte auf einem breiten Forschungsspektrum, darunter zum <a href="Information_Retrieval" title="Information Retrieval">Information Retrieval</a>, zur Netzwerktheorie, zur Zukunft der Informationstechnologie, zur Theorie der Dezentralisierung in Politik und Verwaltung (mit <a href="Karl_W._Deutsch" title="Karl W. Deutsch">Karl W. Deutsch</a>) sowie von Entscheidungsprozessen, zur Modellierung des Wissenschaftswachstums und zur <a href="Bibliometrie" title="Bibliometrie">Bibliometrie</a> und <a href="Szientometrie" title="Szientometrie">Szientometrie</a>. Bereits in den 1950er Jahren beschäftigte er sich mit dem <a href="Kleine-Welt-Ph%C3%A4nomen" title="Kleine-Welt-Phänomen">Kleine-Welt-Phänomen</a>, die Ergebnisse fasste er in einem unveröffentlichten Manuskript zusammen. Erst zwei Jahrzehnte später wurden diese Resultate dann einer breiten wissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit bekannt gemacht.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>1980 wurde Kochen Fellow der <a href="American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schriften_(Auswahl)"><span id="Schriften_.28Auswahl.29"></span>Schriften (Auswahl)</h2></div>
<ul><li>Manfred Kochen, Eugene H. Galanter: <cite style="font-style:italic">The acquisition and utilization of information in problem solving and thinking</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Information and Control</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1958, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>267–288</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=The+acquisition+and+utilization+of+information+in+problem+solving+and+thinking&rft.au=Manfred+Kochen%2C+Eugene+H.+Galanter&rft.btitle=Information+and+Control&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=267-288&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Kochen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Extension of Moore-Shannon model for relay circuits</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">IBM Journal of Research and Development</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1959, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>169–186</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.32.0169">10.1147/rd.32.0169</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=Extension+of+Moore-Shannon+model+for+relay+circuits&rft.au=Manfred+Kochen&rft.date=1959&rft.doi=10.1147%2Frd.32.0169&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=IBM+Journal+of+Research+and+Development&rft.pages=169-186&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Kochen, Karl W. Deutsch: <cite style="font-style:italic">Toward a rational theory of decentralization: Some implications of a mathematical approach</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">American Political Science Review</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>63</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1969, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>734–749</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055400258553">10.1017/S0003055400258553</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=Toward+a+rational+theory+of+decentralization%3A+Some+implications+of+a+mathematical+approach&rft.au=Manfred+Kochen%2C+Karl+W.+Deutsch&rft.date=1969&rft.doi=10.1017%2FS0003055400258553&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.pages=734-749&rft.volume=63" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Kochen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stability in the growth of knowledge</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">American Documentation</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1969, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>186–197</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630200303">10.1002/asi.4630200303</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=Stability+in+the+growth+of+knowledge&rft.au=Manfred+Kochen&rft.date=1969&rft.doi=10.1002%2Fasi.4630200303&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=American+Documentation&rft.pages=186-197&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Kochen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Representations and algorithms for cognitive learning</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Artificial Intelligence</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1974, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>199–216</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=Representations+and+algorithms+for+cognitive+learning&rft.au=Manfred+Kochen&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=199-216&rft.volume=5" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Kochen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Principles of information retrieval</cite>. John Wiley, New York 1974, ISBN 0-471-49697-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>xix + 203</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.au=Manfred+Kochen&rft.btitle=Principles+of+information+retrieval&rft.date=1974&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0471496979&rft.pages=xix+%2B+203&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Kochen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Applications of fuzzy sets in psychology</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Fuzzy Sets and their Applications to Cognitive and Decision Processes</cite>. Proceedings of the US–Japan Seminar on Fuzzy Sets and their Applications, University of California, Berkeley, July 1–4, 1974. Academic Press, 1975, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>395–408</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=Applications+of+fuzzy+sets+in+psychology&rft.au=Manfred+Kochen&rft.btitle=Fuzzy+Sets+and+their+Applications+to+Cognitive+and+Decision+Processes&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=395-408&rft.pub=Academic+Press" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Kochen: <cite style="font-style:italic">How well do we acknowledge intellectual debts?</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Documentation</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>43</span>, 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>54–64</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=How+well+do+we+acknowledge+intellectual+debts%3F&rft.au=Manfred+Kochen&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Documentation&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=54-64&rft.volume=43" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manfred Kochen (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">The Small World</cite>. Commemorating Ithiel de Sola Pool, Stanley Milgram, Theodore Newcomb. Ablex Publ. Corp., Norwood NJ 1989, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>382</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.btitle=The+Small+World&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=382&rft.place=Norwood+NJ&rft.pub=Ablex+Publ.+Corp." style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Eugene_Garfield" title="Eugene Garfield">Eugene Garfield</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Manfred Kochen: In Memory of an Information Scientist Pioneer qua World Brain-ist</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Essays of an Information Scientist</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12</span>). Philadelphia PA 1989, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>166–169</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.au=Eugene+Garfield&rft.btitle=Manfred+Kochen%3A+In+Memory+of+an+Information+Scientist+Pioneer+qua+World+Brain-ist&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=166-169&rft.place=Philadelphia+PA&rft.series=Essays+of+an+Information+Scientist" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Milan Zeleny: <cite style="font-style:italic">Manfred Kochen (1928–1989)</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Human Systems Management</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1989, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>95–96</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=Manfred+Kochen+%281928-1989%29&rft.au=Milan+Zeleny&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Human+Systems+Management&rft.pages=95-96&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Frederick_Wilfrid_Lancaster" title="Frederick Wilfrid Lancaster">F. W. Lancaster</a>, Susan Bushur, Yuen-Man Low: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kochen’s influence examined bibliometrically</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Library Trends</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>41</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>549–566</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/7858/librarytrendsv41i4c_opt.pdf?sequence=1">illinois.edu</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=Kochen%E2%80%99s+influence+examined+bibliometrically&rft.au=F.+W.+Lancaster%2C+Susan+Bushur%2C+Yuen-Man+Low&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Library+Trends&rft.pages=549-566&rft.volume=41" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><i>Kochen, Manfred</i>, in: <a href="Werner_R%C3%B6der" title="Werner Röder">Werner Röder</a>; <a href="Herbert_A._Strauss" title="Herbert A. Strauss">Herbert A. Strauss</a> (Hrsg.): <i>International Biographical Dictionary of Central European Emigrés 1933–1945</i>. Band 2,1. München: Saur, 1983, S. 636f.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=129623">Manfred Kochen</a> im <a href="Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a> (englisch) <span style="display:none">Vorlage:MathGenealogyProject/Wartung/id verwendet</span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asist.org/pioneers/manfred-kochen/"><i>Manfred Kochen</i>.</a> Eintrag bei der <a href="American_Society_for_Information_Science_and_Technology" title="American Society for Information Science and Technology">Association for Information Science and Technology</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/kochen.manfred">Manfred Kochen</a> in der Datenbank <a href="ZbMATH" title="ZbMATH">zbMATH</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ithiel de Sola Pool, Manfred Kochen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Contacts and influence</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Social Networks</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1978, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5–51</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Manfred+Kochen&rft.atitle=Contacts+and+influence&rft.au=Ithiel+de+Sola+Pool%2C+Manfred+Kochen&rft.btitle=Social+Networks&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=5-51&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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Normdaten (Person): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119046059">119046059</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79144738">n79144738</a></span> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64809018/">64809018</a></span> | </div>
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